Volume 67, Issue 8

Pressure Looms Large for Yeshiva’s Premeds

Medical Schools Covet “Well Rounded” Students

by Jamie Hirsch and Jeremy Mazurek

With roughly fifty percent of the 34000 applicants getting accepted to medical schools annually, and with an upturn expected in application numbers, the competition is fierce and only getting tougher.

Observing the blank stares and questioning faces of Yeshiva’s premedical population, The Commentator decided to meticulously investigate the premedical discipline in order to arrive at an answer to that all important question: what do medical schools want to see in their applicants?

Although the following should serve as a general guide, a note of caution: there is no one definitive route that guarantees acceptance to any medical school, but certain measures are bound to help.  When considering a future career in health care, students are strongly encouraged to consult with all personages, especially with the pre-health adviser as well as science faculty and premed “survivors.”

Perhaps to fulfill personal dreams or aspirations, or to simply give their mothers’ the opportunity to say “my son the doctor,” roughly 50 percent of Yeshiva College’s annual newcomers begin their college careers with “premed intentions.”  Although the number drops off quickly for various reasons, whether religious fulfillment or the hope of having a life in college, many students do follow through with their original plans.

Deciding to do premed is quite easy and painless; deciding how to do it is both intimidating and time consuming.  It means spending countless hours consulting with a wide range of individuals for advice and guidance.  And that’s only the beginning.

A minimum of four years of science are required, the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) must be taken at least one year prior to medical school entry, and as everyone knows, premeds are expected to perform research at some point during their undergraduate careers.  Oh, and don’t forget volunteer work and community service.

But try not to get too overwhelmed.

The Very Basics

“Let’s start from the very beginning, a very good place to start,” as a famous song goes, because it will be helpful in making the more complicated decisions.

All medical schools list four year-long courses as entrance requirements: biology, physics, general chemistry, and organic chemistry.  Many schools require calculus or some other math option as well.  Only Harvard Medical School and Duke University School of Medicine require two semesters of calculus; most others expect one semester of calculus and/or calculus II, statistics, or computer science.

A few medical schools insist on two years of biology and an increasing number of schools also require, or “strongly recommend,” biochemistry.

Assistant Dean for Student Admissions at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Ms. Noreen Kerrigan, bluntly reveals, “We love it when students take biochemistry,” though it’s not a formal requirement.

Dr. Barry Potvin, Professor of Biology at Yeshiva, echoes this sentiment, though he advocates more than just biochemistry.  “We recommend advanced courses in biology” – including genetics, and cell and molecular biology – “because they help you get into medical school, and help you once you’re there,” he says.

Although all schools have slightly varying admissions requirements, SUNY Downstate’s committee on admissions effectively explicates the general attitude beyond the core sciences: “[We] look favorably on a program of study which includes at least one year of college mathematics and advanced science subjects; a course in biochemistry is recommended.”  Some medical schools also advise taking a bioethics class, which, according to one Yeshiva premed, “provides you with impressive material to talk about at an interview.”

Premeds often question the practicality of science classes, but one admissions officer at a prestigious medical school explains that they want students who endured a rigorous course load, a necessity for aspiring doctors.  Additionally, many sciences help “give a good background in understanding [the] logic and language,” of medical science, explains Mr. Raymond Brienza, Associate Dean for Admissions at New York University School of Medicine.

Advanced Placement credits taken in high school technically absolve students from the introductory science classes, but medical schools strongly suggest more advanced classes in that discipline.  In fact, Kerrigan explains the advantage of AP classes, as “they afford you the opportunity to take advanced level [science].”

Because most Yeshiva students are only on campus for three years, they barely have enough time to complete the basics, let alone any advanced classes, and many therefore opt for summer school to fulfill one or more sciences.  According to the Amherst College Guide for Premedical Students, however, “You must show medical schools that you can do a heavy load of science and do it well, and taking summer courses may raise questions in that area.”

Indeed, Yeshiva’s pre-health adviser, Dr. Stefan Bosworth, only advocates summer school for the sciences as an absolute last resort.  “In today’s competitive environment, don’t do anything that will hurt your chances of getting in, and summer school may do just that,” he says.  Ideally, if one needs to take summer school, it should be done at Yeshiva, he adds.

Yeshiva often offers chemistry and physics over the summer, though many students prefer state or city schools due to Yeshiva’s prohibitive price tag of $450 per credit.  Although admissions officers discourage this practice, they concede that if necessary, physics is the preferred summer class.  Furthermore, students should take care to enroll in satisfactory universities, rather than “nondescript community colleges.”

Even after matching each year of college with appropriate sciences classes – a tricky feat for those intending to begin medical school immediately upon graduation, because they must complete the basic sciences and take the MCATs prior to senior year – students must still pick a major, another vague area for premeds.

You’re a Premed English Major?!

Until a few years ago, pre-health was considered a major onto itself at Yeshiva.  Currently, every premed student must choose a major in addition to the general premed requirements, contributing to uncertainty among undergraduates as to which path to take.

Some opt for a major in one of the physical or biological sciences, while others pursue interest in liberal arts.  Addressing this ambiguity, Columbia University’s pre-health office explains, “[Medical schools] like to see a range of interests among students in their entering classes, and would consider an art history major and a biochemistry major equally prepared for medical school, as long as both successfully fulfilled the [appropriate] pre-requisites.”

Indeed, as long as students excel in their concentration, Brienza suggests they “major in areas that interest them most.”

Potvin, Yeshiva’s former pre-health adviser, explains that many medical schools want non-science majors because it’s their last chance to become “well-rounded,” but he strongly asserts the importance of at least minoring in biology.  “It’s good to major in a non-science and minor in a science, or vice versa,” he says.

Based on data collected by the association of medical colleges, no meaningful correlation exists between a major and the probability of admission.  “Of the applicants to medical school in 2000, a letter of acceptance went to 44.9 percent of applicants majoring in the biological sciences, 50.9 percent in the physical sciences and 50.5 in non-science subjects,” according to a New York Times article.

Some medical schools are more lenient with regard to G.P.A. for science majors, viewing science as a more strenuous route.  The mean G.P.A. for students at Loyola University’s Stritch School of Medicine located just outside Chicago, Illinois, is 3.61, though it varies based on discipline.  Science majors’ mean G.P.A. is a 3.52 whereas non-science majors’ mean G.P.A. is 3.72.

Statistics aside, students interested in pursuing a joint MD/PhD option are strongly urged to major in biological science.

Regarding double majors, the Amherst Guide says, “It’s great to have one or more areas of academic concentration outside your major… [But] we see no evidence that medical schools are impressed by the addition of a second major.”

Life Beyond the Books

Medical schools are interested in producing future doctors knowledgeable in their respective specialties while also finding time in their personal lives to pursue hobbies and interests.  A good G.P.A. and MCAT score are only pieces of the puzzle that is the medical school admission process.

Although premeds are pressed for time, especially at Yeshiva where many students want to graduate in three years while devoting mornings to Judaic studies, nonetheless students must pursue extracurricular activities.  There are many clubs and programs on and off campus from which students can choose, though Associate Dean of Admissions at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Dr. Scott Barnett, warns against “punch[ing] all tickets.”  Rather, he implores students to be a leader in one area.  “Take one thing, and run with it.”

Examples of positive extracurricular activities include pursuits that involve students with other people, such as “music, volunteer work, sports, student newspaper, political activity, plays and theater, any on-campus clubs or tutoring programs, or other pursuits,” according to one admissions insider.  It’s important to show medical schools, “You’re not spending all your time in the library or lab,” he explains.

Suggested endeavors at Yeshiva include: the Literacy Program; tutoring in specific disciplines; any number of publications, including The Commentator, the Clarion, Enayim LeTorah, and Spires; the theater; and student committees.  Partake in activities for their legitimate appeal, not primarily to impress medical schools, “because medical schools can easily see through a façade,” cautions one first year medical student and Yeshiva graduate.

“Just look for signs and keep an ear open for anything that peaks your interest around campus,” advises a premed senior, “and you’re bound to find something that you enjoy and looks impressive.”  One notable caveat – being a member of numerous clubs isn’t particularly extraordinary.  Leadership in fewer areas proves more remarkable than membership in many.

Essentially, Barnett adds, “We’re not impressed with dabbling.”

But students must be sure to expand their horizons, as medical schools don’t want an insular applicant.  Rather, they must find extracurricular activities outside Yeshiva that prove their devotion to community.  Additionally, it’s beneficial to demonstrate a sense of involvement because teamwork is essential in medicine, and schools want evidence of that trait in their applicants.

“I always tell guys to follow their hobbies,” Potvin says.  “A few years ago there was a student who was interested in marine biology so he got a summer internship and went 2,000 feet below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean – that’s unique.  Needless to say, he got into every school he applied to.”

Kerrigan maintains the importance of a proven commitment over time rather than something unique or prestigious.  “You don’t have to do insane things,” she says, “slow and steady wins the race.”

Experiencing Science and Medicine Firsthand

Medical schools desire students with a proven interest in the medical field, accomplished through volunteer work at locales such as the emergency room or research experience in either a clinical or lab setting.  Bosworth stresses the importance of research, specifically laboratory research.

“Although most practicing doctors aren’t actively involved in lab research, working in a lab shows a student’s ability to work in concert with others toward a common goal,” he explains.

Minimally students must show interest in the medical field, a field they ostensibly hope to work in.

Many admissions officers stress the value of gaining familiarity with the clinical field – either through research, volunteering in hospitals, or working as an emergency medical technician – because it proves your benevolence and it “tells us that you can stand the health care environment,” says Kerrigan.  Basically, as one dean of admissions put it, “We want to know that you’re sure you want to do this as a career, and that you’ve experienced some aspect of it.”

In fact, contrary to the myth that medical schools expect lab research, Kerrigan claims, “Clinical is more important.”  However, she does say that students should try performing lab research, as AECOM, and many other schools, is split between research and clinical.

At N.Y.U., for example, a component of research is built into the third and fourth year curriculum, and those students with prior experience will have an advantage.  Regardless of the school chosen, Brienza emphasizes the need for exposure to the medical environment, as it “prepares students to handle illness and trauma, and understand it.”

Columbia’s pre-health office says, “Scientific research… may be enormously interesting to some students.  If it is, students are encouraged to pursue it.”  Otherwise, engage in more clinically oriented activities.  “Do [lab] research only if you’ll gain something out it,” says Barnett.

Performing lab research, if a student is so inclined, can be beneficial toward one’s medical education.  In addition to improving teamwork skills and communication abilities, Potvin, a researcher at AECOM, reveals that lab research “develops analytical skills and a way of thinking,” and gives students a better appreciation for medical developments.

Many medical and biological graduate schools have Summer Undergraduate Research Programs (SURP) designed to match students with researchers for approximately ten weeks over the course of a summer.  Major advantages of these programs, which include AECOM’s Roth Program, involve their high profile and association with a medical school.

When admissions committees notice SURP on applications, they “understand that ‘real’ research was done,” says one admissions officer.  “But, when we see random researchers, there’s no way that we can know what you did that summer – was it real, or did you just get signed off while doing nothing?”

Additionally, Barnett discloses, “The researcher can write a good letter of recommendation for you, and that contact often gives you an ‘in’ to that particular school.”

For students not accepted to SURP, Yeshiva’s Office of Placement and Career Services releases a book published by AECOM which lists additional summer research opportunities at AECOM.  Interested students should visit OPCS.

Volunteer experience is also essential for a complete medical school application, yet despite a common misconception, it need not be at a hospital.  Any type of volunteer position from tutoring peers to working with developmentally disabled children makes a great impression with the admissions committees.  Once again, medical schools don’t look for “accolades;” rather they want an enduring, proven commitment.

However, the importance of contact with the medical institution cannot be underscored enough.  “Even students with high grades and good recommendations sometimes are not admitted to medical school,” notes the Amherst Guide, “if they have had no contact with doctors and hospitals in the two or three years before applying.”

MCAT: The Eight-Hour Behemoth

As one medical school student recalls, “MCATs are a necessary evil; they loom large” in the premed process.

The MCAT, administered by the Association of American Medical Colleges, AAMC, is a standardized, multiple-choice examination designed to assess problem solving, critical thinking, and writing skills in addition to students’ knowledge of science concepts and principles prerequisite to the study of medicine.

Scores are reported in each of the following areas: physical sciences (physics and chemistry), biological sciences (biology and organic chemistry), verbal reasoning, and a writing sample.  Medical college admission committees strongly consider MCAT scores in their decision as it “objectifies and levels” the grades between diverse undergraduate universities.

The maximum score on the test is a forty-five; each of the sections, excluding the writing sample, is worth fifteen points.  The writing sample, consisting of two short essays, receives an independent grade on a scale ranging from letters J through T.  Despite their absence from the numerical grade, medical schools do look at the writing sample when making decisions about individual applicants, though not nearly as intently as the other three sections.

The test is administered twice a year, once at the end of April and again toward the end of August.  Common practice is that those students completing their junior year register for either MCAT.  Because of the often overwhelming and time consuming daily schedule of Yeshiva students, many opt to take the exam in August.  While this does relieve the spring semester workload, leaving the whole summer open for studying, there are some serious drawbacks to the August exam.

Firstly, if a student doesn’t perform well on the April exam, August provides a second opportunity.  If one, however, takes the August exam and misfires, the next opportunity to take the test is eight months later, in April.

Secondly, most medical schools have a rolling admissions process – a first-come-first-serve system.  This means that as completed applications arrive in the admissions office, the committee begins scheduling interviews, ultimately making their final decisions.  Applications begin to be accepted during the summer, and those students taking the August MCAT don’t receive their grade until October, pushing off the entire process.

“If at all possible, you should take the MCAT in April of your junior year [if applying to enter the fall after graduation],” suggests a member of an admissions committee.  “If you take the later MCAT (August), by the time medical schools begin to consider your application, as much as 75 percent of the class may already be filled.”  Additionally, he says, standards are often more lenient at the beginning of the process.

Regarding one’s target grade, Potvin provides a rule of thumb: “Get no less than a 9 on any given section (physical sciences, biological sciences, verbal reasoning)”; a 30 tends to be the minimum overall target for most Yeshiva students.

Medical schools often publish statistics on their websites concerning mean and/or median MCAT scores of their students.  The average MCAT score for AECOM’s current first year class, for example, is 31.

N.Y.U. displays a more detailed listing, providing the median scores for all three sections separately: verbal reasoning, 10; physical sciences, 11; biological sciences 11.

For the 2001 entering class, Harvard’s average MCAT scores are: verbal reasoning, 10.5; physical sciences, 11.9; biological sciences 11.7.

Stritch’s 2002 entering class mean MCAT profile is: verbal reasoning, 9.7; physical sciences, 9.8; biological sciences 10.1.

Due to the large variance between medical schools’ admissions standards, it’s important to pick schools carefully based on many factors including MCAT score, says Brienza.  “If you have MCAT scores of 8 or 9 [per section], then don’t only apply to schools with mean scores of 11.  And if you’re a B student, don’t only apply to schools accepting 3.7 G.P.A.s.”  Students who do that, he warns, should brace themselves for disappointment.

“Students have to be realistic when setting their goals” and creating a list of possible medical schools, he asserts.

Students have several options when preparing for the MCAT.  While most elect to take a commercial course, such as Kaplan (http://www.kaplan.com) or Princeton Review (http://www.princetonreview.com), some prefer self-study.  Regardless of the path chosen, it is highly recommended that students leave themselves plenty of time to prepare, and that students take a relatively light course-load during the semester in which they take the MCAT.

The ideal time to begin studying, says Potvin, is “right after the fall semester finals” for those taking the April MCAT.  Before then, he explains, students wind up forgetting too much information.

Although the material covered on the MCAT is extensive, most students who took the MCAT assert the importance of practice exams over merely memorizing material.  “Although there’s a lot of information to learn,” says one Yeshiva graduate now in AECOM, “I found that the best way to really get a handle on the MCATs was by doing lots of practice exams and problems.”

Additionally, one of the most difficult aspects of the exam is its length – often extending longer than eight hours – and full-length practice exams accustom students to the strenuous exam.

The Application Process

With the total number of applicants to medical school expected to rise this year, the first time in six years, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that the application process run smoothly.  Although by the time the process begins the tough studying for the MCAT is over (hopefully), one must begin to gather all the required information for applications.

The Office of Pre-Health Advisement has put together a Pre-Med Information Packet.  All premed students should obtain a copy of this booklet, even if the application process seems light years away.

The packet includes the letter of recommendation request forms handed to professors who agree to write letters.  The packet instructs students to get at least three letters from science faculty members, one from a non-science faculty member, as well as a letter from both research and volunteer experiences.

If one took a science off campus in the summer, it would be a good idea to get a letter from that professor as well.  The packet also asks for an autobiographical sketch of the applicant to be submitted to Bosworth, giving him some important and personal information to be used when writing his own recommendation.

Inundating the office with a dozen letters, while seemingly a good idea, only creates unnecessary work for Bosworth and his staff.  “When compiling a student’s application, I write a letter of recommendation for each student.  My letter is a composite of comments gathered from other faculty members’ letters, and my own feelings about the student,” says Bosworth.  Therefore, premed students should meet with Bosworth at least once a semester throughout college in order to develop a rapport.

The actual application process can be broken down into two major steps: primary and secondary applications.  Primary applications are the applications processed by the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS), a centralized service that provide a standard application for use by member medical schools.

All but 13 of the 126 accredited medical schools in the U.S. are members, making the primary application process relatively effortless.  AMCAS process, duplicates and sends students’ AMCAS applications, transcripts, and MCAT scores to all schools checked off on the “AMCAS Designation Form.”  Some nonmember schools include Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons and N.Y.U.  They require a special primary application that must be obtained from the school directly.

Thanks to the wonders of modern technology, the AMCAS application is completed and submitted over the internet.  Although applications are only accepted in mid-June, it is recommended to get them prepared ahead of time.  AMCAS begins accepting transcripts in March, and will hold them until the application has been submitted.

In general, those who have taken the April exam should have the application ready for submission by June.  Even students planning to take the August exam can still submit the application prior to taking the exam, so that the schools can already open a file.

The AMCAS primary applications request personal and biographical information, post-secondary experiences, personal comments and career objectives, and an educational history and academic record.

While creativity in the personal statement will set one’s application apart from the rest, Barnett cautions, “Weird is not good.”  Although Barnett suggests making the most of one’s writing abilities, he says that the statement should be “straightforward… basically, ‘this is who I am.’”

Generally, the personal statements don’t count for much, except “in the extremes,” notes Kerrigan, but a “bad statement can throw a student out of the running.”  She also suggests avoiding clichés when enumerating one’s motivation for medicine.

Upon receiving the AMCAS package, medical schools send out secondary applications.  Some schools send it to all applicants while others only send it to candidates they are further interested in.  The secondaries vary from school to school.  Some require supplementary biographical information, while others require additional essays.

If, after submitting the secondary application, the medical schools are still interested, they arrange an interview date, at which point the student can tour the medical campus.

The Grand Finale: Interviews

The high volume of applications necessitates stringent criteria for granting interviews.  After dismissing large numbers of applicants – most often due to a low G.P.A. and MCAT score – medical schools rely on interviews to make their final decision.

“An interview is basically a conversation which tries to make an assessment about a student’s ability to communicate and handle responsibility,” says Brienza.  In essence, schools want to learn about the student firsthand, beyond the application.

Most interviews last between 30 minutes and one hour, and may be with a physician, medical school professor, researcher, or member of the admissions office.

Many interviewers will ask, “Why do you want to come to our school?” and students should prepare themselves with adequate information by perusing the school’s website beforehand.  Another popular question category involves current trends in medicine and science, which gauges a student’s true interest in the field.

The latter question can sometimes greatly affect a decision.  At least one medical school immediately rejects students if they are unable to satisfactorily discuss current scientific issues.

To properly prepare oneself for interviews, Bosworth suggests arranging mock-interviews with him and scouring the internet for frequently asked interview questions.

Beyond sufficiently answering the questions at interviews, Potvin specifies three flaws in many Yeshiva premeds: arrogance, lack of social skills, and insularity.  Some students act on the “assumption that the Roth, a good G.P.A., and high MCAT scores make them shoe-ins,” says Potvin.  Many students with this overconfidence are shocked when they’re not accepted to the school of their choice.

“Medicine is 10 percent knowledge and 90 percent bedside manner,” explains Potvin.  “If an interviewer notices a lack of ‘mentsch quotient,’ he or she will be unimpressed.”

Additionally, an inability to effectively communicate with others, especially those outside the Orthodox Jewish community, makes a lasting negative impression with the admissions committee.

Because the average age of first year medical students is 25 – while Yeshiva’s graduates begin medical school much earlier – interviewers look for a well-adjusted, mature applicant, who has developed hobbies and interests.

Obtaining interviews is generally grounds for celebration unto itself due its difficulty, but all Yeshiva students are granted interviews at AECOM, regardless of their credentials.  This often proves to be a substantial benefit, says Kerrigan, as “interviews have tremendous veto power” in the final decision and can easily sway a student’s chance.  However, this works both ways, as a “perfect” student can be rejected on the basis of a poor interview, while a more average student with a successful interview may be accepted.

Other Considerations

Many medical schools have an early decision policy – whereby students are informed of a school’s decision by October 1 – and although ostensibly appealing, it carries with it substantial risk.  Students must be confident with their decision, because if accepted, they may not renege.  Many medical schools offer the possibility, though Barnett admits, “We don’t suggest it and most students don’t take advantage of it.”

AECOM, however, says, “Applicants who are certain that Einstein is their first-choice school and whose qualifications, both academic and non-cognitive are outstanding, are encouraged to apply as early decision applicants.  As such they may apply only to Einstein.”  If rejected, students are considered with the regular applicant pool.

Students interested in these options should consider it carefully and check specific medical school websites for further information.

Students with long range goals of academic medicine and a strong interest in science may consider a joint MD/PhD program and are urged to confer with Bosworth as well as science faculty.  MD/PhD candidates are encouraged to major in biology or chemistry and pursue “lots of research experience,” notes Kerrigan.  One added perk: most schools pay full tuition plus an annual stipend to all MD/PhD students.

Other joint program possibilities include an MD degree combined with a doctor of jurisprudence (JD), master in public health (MPH), master business administration (MBA), or a master in public administration (MPA).  Often these programs save one year off the total process, and interested students should meet with Bosworth.

Special for Yeshiva: Three Years and a Dual-Curriculum

Yeshiva students find themselves in a distinctive situation.  On the one hand, they’re only on a college campus for three years – potentially disadvantageous.  On the other hand, perhaps Yeshiva’s dual-curriculum impresses medical schools.

According to admissions officers interviewed, Yeshiva students should neither be nervous nor confident because of their special circumstances.

“If three years is good enough for Yeshiva to bestow a degree, then it’s good enough for us,” says Barnett.  “Yeshiva is a great school – it’s in the top 50 – and over the years we’ve had many Yeshiva graduates and we find that they do very well.”  As long as the student’s application is good, Barnett says, Mt. Sinai doesn’t discriminate in any way.

But before students get too excited about Yeshiva’s benefits in the process, Brienza adds, “The screeners [at N.Y.U.] know enough about the dual-curriculum, and they respect that when making a decision.”  However, he admits that they can’t place too much emphasis on Yeshiva’s unique program.  “It wouldn’t be fair to accept a Yeshiva student over someone with equal or better credentials who went to a typical university,” he says.

Putting it All Together

Although all this may seem intimidating, it’s important to take it slowly – one step at a time.  For students embarking on the lengthy journey, it is vital to concentrate on the “now” rather than obsessing about the future.

One bad grade – even in a science – doesn’t spell doom for a student’s medical aspirations.  Medical schools understand that premeds are indeed human and are fallible.  Remember, “No student ever has a zero percent chance, and no student ever has a 100 percent chance when it comes to medical school admissions,” notes Potvin.

“Keeping a positive attitude while also maintaining a high degree of organization is the key to success,” says Organic Chemistry professor, Dr. Bruce Hrnjez.  “While [I was] working at Harvard Medical School, I met many medical students, and what impressed me most was their high level of responsibility.”

Become a “master of all trades,” explains Kerrigan.  “We want to see a real commitment and that you can handle the first two years of medical school.”  While good grades and MCAT scores are important, “intelligence isn’t just about numbers… it’s about the ability to speak, interact, and interpret info,” she adds.

“We want spark, enthusiasm, and passion” in our students, notes Barnett.

Still interested?

To schedule an appointment with Dr. Bosworth, students should go to the Office of Student Services, located on the fourth floor of Furst Hall, room 419.

For more information about Medical Schools and the MCAT, or to register for the MCAT, please visit the AAMC website, http://www.aamc.org.  For a complete listing of all medical school websites, please visit http://www.yahoo.com/health/medicine/education/medical_schools ♦

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